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Objective@#To understand the characteristics and dynamics of individuals with HIV-1 subtype infection among injected drug users (HIV infection IDU) in Guangzhou between 2008 and 2015.@*Methods@#HIV-1 RNAs were extracted from serum samples of the individuals that were newly diagnosed with HIV-1 infection among IDUs living in Guangzhou, between 2008 and 2015. The Pol gene segments of HIV-1 genome from these RNA samples were amplified by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (Nested-PCR) and sequenced. Subsequently, phylogenetic tree was reconstructed using both pol sequences of samples and references before the subtype of HIV-1 was determined. Distributions of HIV-1 subtypes detected in IDUs with different demographic characteristics in different years were compared.@*Results@#A total of 437 pol gene segments were successfully obtained from 517 serum samples of HIV infection IDUs. The average age of 437 HIV infected IDUs was 37.37 years with standard deviation as 8.17 years. 51.5% (225/437) of the HIV infected IDU that registered residence were not in Guangdong. The Guangxi Registered residents were accounted for 54.2% (122/225). Proportion of subtype CRF07_BC (46.5%) appeared the highest, followed by CRF01_AE (24.3%), CRF08_BC (23.3%) and other subtypes (5.9%). The annual proportions of subtype CRF07_BC (trend χ2=19.703, P=0.006) and CRF08_BC (trend χ2=25.718, P=0.001) were significantly different. The proportion of subtype CRF07_BC decreased from 56.9% to 34.2% (trend χ2=15.139, P=0.000), while the proportion of CRF08_BC increased from 11.8% to 37.0% (trend χ2=22.577, P=0.000). The proportion of CRF08_BC was significantly higher in the HIV infected IDUs with Guangxi residence (Monte Carlo simulation of exact probability P=0.000, 99%CI: 0.000-0.000).@*Conclusions@#CRF07_BC, CRF01_ AE and CRF08_BC were the predominant HIV-1 subtypes while multiple subtypes were co-circulated among the HIV infected IDUs in Guangzhou, between 2008 and 2015. Behavioral intervention set for HIV infected IDUs with Guangxi residence should be strengthened in Guangzhou.
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Objective@#To evaluate the effectiveness of the "Internet Plus-based AIDS Comprehensive Prevention Service System" among men who have sex with men in Guangzhou.@*Methods@#Data through case-reporting and follow-up programs on MSM HIV/AIDS in Guangzhou was collected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, which including those from the referral and follow-up treatment compliance programs in 2008-2014 (pre-treatment) and 2017-2018 (post-treatment). According to the types of care services, three groups were set as: with "Internet Plus" service, with 'HIV counseling/testing service’ or with 'routine medical service’. General Estimating Equation (GEE) was used to analyze the follow up situation of HIV/AIDS cases, annually. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to analyze the proportions of treatment referral, within the 30 days of diagnosis.@*Results@#Before the implementation of immediate treatment after HIV diagnosis, 90.6% (707/780) of the HIV/AIDS cases received the first follow up program including the CD4+ T cells counts (CD4) test service within 90 days of diagnosis, in the "Internet Plus-based HIV/AIDS care service" group presented 1.19 times (95%CI: 1.14-1.25) of the routine medical service group. The implementation of immediate treatment after HIV diagnosis, compared with the routine medical service group, the "Internet Plus" service group presented 1.71 times (95%CI: 1.03- 2.83) more treatment referrals within the 30 days of diagnosis, when the first testing CD4 was ≤200 cells/μl. Compared with the routine medical service group, the HIV counseling and testing service group showed 1.37 times (95%CI: 1.20-1.56) more of the treatment referrals within the 30 days of HIV diagnosis, after the first testing CD4 counts as >200 cells/μl.@*Conclusion@#Standardized care and follow-up service should be promoted as soon as the referral and treatment programs were set after the diagnosis was made, under the "Internet Plus-based AIDS Comprehensive Prevention Service System" for the MSM population, in Guangzhou.
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Objective@#To analyze the characteristics of levels related to the risk through self-evaluation system, among MSM users in Guangzhou, between 2015 and 2017.@*Methods@#Between 2015 and 2017, data was collected from the users of a self-evaluation system network related to HIV infection, based on the previous 'HIV health risk appraisal model’. Information on risk factors was collected to calculate the scores and levels of risks and to estimate the incidence of HIV. Taking the reference of R value on risks as (R=0.9-1.1) in general population. The ones with very low risk, with low risk, moderate risk, high risk and very high risk were set as R≤0.5, 0.5<R≤0.9, 0.9<R≤1.1, 1.1< R≤2.0 and R>2.0, respectively. The scores of modifiable risk factors were compared with different subgroups of MSM.@*Results@#A total of 4 601 MSM were involved in this study, with the following features presented as: aged 16-64 (28.38±7.11) years, proportions of residence from Guangzhou, Guangdong province or other provinces as 38.6%(1 776/4 601)、35.4%(1 629/4 601) and 26.0%(1 197/4 601), 59.6%(2 742/4 601) received bachelor or above degrees. 81.3%(3 741/4 601) of them claimed as having homosexual orientation. R values of risk level on very low risk, low risk level, moderate risk, high risk and very high risk appeared as 12.9%(594/4 601), 50.9%(2 342/4 601), 17.0%(783/4 601), 14.8%(682/4 601) and 4.3%(200/4 601), respectively. Scores of modifiable risk factors decreased year by year (P<0.05), among MSM in this study. In either of the groups that experiencing insertive or receptive sex, the ones with heterosexual orientation presented the highest scores of modifiable risk factors (P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#The risk levels on HIV infections called for special attention among the users of the self-evaluation network system. Among the MSM that carrying either insertive or receptive sex role, the ones with heterosexual orientation had the highest risk levels and scores of modifiable risk factors in Guangzhou. Further study should be explored to better understand the causes of related risks.
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Objective To understand the prevalence of drug resistance in treatment-naive injecting drug users (IDUs) infected with HIV-1 in Guangzhou.Methods HIV-1 RNA were extracted from the serum specimens of the newly confirmed HIV-1 positive IDUs living in Guangzhou,being infected through injecting drug use and receiving no antiretroviral therapy at the time of confirmation during 2008-2015.Full sequence of pol protease (PR) gene and partial sequence of reverse transcriptase (RT) gene were amplified by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) and sequenced.After that,data were submitted to the HIV resistance database of Stanford University for drug resistance analysis.Results Among the 518 HIV-1 infected IDUs,H1V-1 pol gene segments were successfully obtained from the serum samples of 407 HIV-1 infected IDUs (78.57％) aged 18-64 (37.44 ± 8.14) years.Among them,males accounted for 89.68％ (365/407),those of Han ethnic group accounted for 89.93％ (366/407),the unmarried accounted for 55.28％ (225/407),and those with education level of junior high school or below accounted for 83.78％ (341/407).The distribution of subtypes was predominated by CRF07_BC (47.18％,192/407),followed by CRF01_AE (23.83％,97/407),CRF08_BC (22.85％,93/407),and other subtypes (6.14％,25/407).The overall prevalence of drug resistance was 3.44％ (14/407).The prevalence of drug resistance to protease inhibitors,nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were 1.47％(6/407),0.25％ (1/407) and 1.72％ (7/407) respectively.The mutation rate was 12.29％ (50/407).No major drug resistance mutation was detected in protease and nucleoside reverse transcriptase regions.Higher rate of V179E mutation in the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase region was detected in other subtypes and subtype CRF07_BC.Mutation seemed to have occurred in all 8 cases of subtype CRF55_01B in other subtypes.The highest mutation rate of E138A was detected in subtype CRF08_BC (3.23％).Two cases were resistant to all four drugs of NNRTIs.Conclusions The prevalence of drug resistance in treatment-naive HIV-1 positive IDUs remained at a relatively low level during 2008-2015,in Guangzhou.Most infections were sensitive to existing antiviral drugs.However,drug resistance surveillance in IDUs infected with HIV should be strengthened to prevent the prevalence of multi-drug resistance and cross drug resistance.
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Objective To understand the prevalence of drug resistance in treatment-naive injecting drug users (IDUs) infected with HIV-1 in Guangzhou.Methods HIV-1 RNA were extracted from the serum specimens of the newly confirmed HIV-1 positive IDUs living in Guangzhou,being infected through injecting drug use and receiving no antiretroviral therapy at the time of confirmation during 2008-2015.Full sequence of pol protease (PR) gene and partial sequence of reverse transcriptase (RT) gene were amplified by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) and sequenced.After that,data were submitted to the HIV resistance database of Stanford University for drug resistance analysis.Results Among the 518 HIV-1 infected IDUs,H1V-1 pol gene segments were successfully obtained from the serum samples of 407 HIV-1 infected IDUs (78.57％) aged 18-64 (37.44 ± 8.14) years.Among them,males accounted for 89.68％ (365/407),those of Han ethnic group accounted for 89.93％ (366/407),the unmarried accounted for 55.28％ (225/407),and those with education level of junior high school or below accounted for 83.78％ (341/407).The distribution of subtypes was predominated by CRF07_BC (47.18％,192/407),followed by CRF01_AE (23.83％,97/407),CRF08_BC (22.85％,93/407),and other subtypes (6.14％,25/407).The overall prevalence of drug resistance was 3.44％ (14/407).The prevalence of drug resistance to protease inhibitors,nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were 1.47％(6/407),0.25％ (1/407) and 1.72％ (7/407) respectively.The mutation rate was 12.29％ (50/407).No major drug resistance mutation was detected in protease and nucleoside reverse transcriptase regions.Higher rate of V179E mutation in the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase region was detected in other subtypes and subtype CRF07_BC.Mutation seemed to have occurred in all 8 cases of subtype CRF55_01B in other subtypes.The highest mutation rate of E138A was detected in subtype CRF08_BC (3.23％).Two cases were resistant to all four drugs of NNRTIs.Conclusions The prevalence of drug resistance in treatment-naive HIV-1 positive IDUs remained at a relatively low level during 2008-2015,in Guangzhou.Most infections were sensitive to existing antiviral drugs.However,drug resistance surveillance in IDUs infected with HIV should be strengthened to prevent the prevalence of multi-drug resistance and cross drug resistance.
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Objective To understand the prevalence of drug resistance in treatment-naive HIV infected men who have sex with (MSM) in Guangzhou.Methods HIV-1 RNA were extracted from the serum specimens of the MSM newly confirmed to be HIV-1 positive,living in Guangzhou and receiving no anti-viral therapy from 2008 to 2015.HIV-1 pol gene segments,including full protease and part reverse transcriptase,were amplified by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) and sequenced by Sanger.Subsequently,the sequence data were submitted to Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database for drug resistance analysis.Results Among 2 283 HIV infected MSM,HIV-1 pol gene segments were obtained from the serum samples of 1 986 HIV infected MSM aged 16-84 (30.18 ± 8.24) years.Among them,the unmarried accounted for 74.17％ (1 473/1 986),those of Han ethnic group accounted for 90.64％ (1 800/1 986),those with education level of college or above accounted for 49.65％ (986/1 986),those with education level of senior high school or secondary school accounted for 27.14％ (539/1 986),those with education level of junior high school or below accounted for 20.89％ (415/1 986).The distribution of subtypes was predominated by CRF07_BC (38.22％,759/1 986) and CRF01_AE (34.49％,685/1 986).The overall prevalence of drug resistance was 3.32％ (66/1 986).The prevalence of resistance to protease inhibitors (PIs),nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) were 1.36％(27/1 986),0.65％ (13/1 986) and 1.61％ (32/1 986),respectively.Subtype B had higher resistance to PIs,NRTIs and NNRTIs and subtype CRF55_01B had highest resistance to NNRTIs compared with other subtypes.In subtype B,the resistant rates to D4T,EFV and NVP were highest (all 4.17％,5/120),followed by those to NFV,AZT and RPV (all 3.33％,4/120).In subtype CRF55_01B,the resistant rates to EFV and NVP were highest (all 5.50％,16/291),followed by those to ETR and RPV (all 5.15％,15/291).Conclusions The prevalence of drug resistance in treatment-naive HIV infected MSM in Guangzhou remained at low level and current antiretroviral drugs are generally effective.However,subtype B and CRF55_01B have higher drug resistance.
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Objective To understand the characteristics and dynamic of HIV-1 subtype distribution in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Guangzhou between 2008 and 2015.Methods HIV-1 RNAs were extracted from serum samples of the individuals newly diagnosed with HIV-1 infection among MSM living in Guangzhou between 2008 and 2015.The pol gene segments of HIV-1 genome from these RNA samples were amplified by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) and were sequenced.Subsequently,the phylogenetic tree was reconstructed using pol sequences of samples and references together and the subtype of HIV-1 was determined.The distributions of HIV-1 subtypes detected in MSM with different demographic characteristics in different years were compared.Results A total of 2 210 pol gene segments were successfully obtained from 2 473 serum samples of the MSM.The average age of 2 210 MSM was 30.19 years with standard deviation of 8.22 years,the unmarried MSM and those in Han ethnic group accounted for 73.39％ and 90.81％,respectively.The proportion of subtype CRF07_BC (38.10％) was highest,followed by CRF01_AE (34.84％),CRF55_01B (14.62％),B (6.06％),URFs (3.58％),CRF59_01B (2.17％) and other subtypes (0.63％).The annual proportions of subtype B (P=0.000,99％CI:0.000-0.000),CRF07_BC (x2=14.965,P=0.036),CRF55_01B (x2=18.161,P=0.011) and URFs (P=0.001,99％ CI:0.000-0.001) were significantly different.The proportion of subtype B showed a gradual decrease from 14.08％ to 4.33％ (P=0.000,99％ CI:0.000-0.000),while the proportion of URFs rapidly increased from 0％ to 6.40％ (P=0.000,99％CI:0.000-0.000).The rate of URFs was significantly higher in farmers and migrant workers than in other groups (P=0.017,99％ CI:0.014-0.020) and the rate of URFs was higher in individuals who had multi sexual partners (x2=5.733,P=0.017).Conclusions CRF07_BC and CRF01_AE were the predominant HIV-1 subtypes and multiple subtypes co-circulated among MSM in Guangzhou between 2008 and 2015.The recombinations of HIV-1 continue to occur in MSM.Strengthening behavioral intervention for farmers,migrant workers and individuals who have multi sexual partners has the important epidemiological significance against the emerging and circulating of the novel recombinant virus among MSM in Guangzhou.
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Objective To understand the prevalence of drug resistance in treatment-naive HIV infected men who have sex with (MSM) in Guangzhou.Methods HIV-1 RNA were extracted from the serum specimens of the MSM newly confirmed to be HIV-1 positive,living in Guangzhou and receiving no anti-viral therapy from 2008 to 2015.HIV-1 pol gene segments,including full protease and part reverse transcriptase,were amplified by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) and sequenced by Sanger.Subsequently,the sequence data were submitted to Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database for drug resistance analysis.Results Among 2 283 HIV infected MSM,HIV-1 pol gene segments were obtained from the serum samples of 1 986 HIV infected MSM aged 16-84 (30.18 ± 8.24) years.Among them,the unmarried accounted for 74.17％ (1 473/1 986),those of Han ethnic group accounted for 90.64％ (1 800/1 986),those with education level of college or above accounted for 49.65％ (986/1 986),those with education level of senior high school or secondary school accounted for 27.14％ (539/1 986),those with education level of junior high school or below accounted for 20.89％ (415/1 986).The distribution of subtypes was predominated by CRF07_BC (38.22％,759/1 986) and CRF01_AE (34.49％,685/1 986).The overall prevalence of drug resistance was 3.32％ (66/1 986).The prevalence of resistance to protease inhibitors (PIs),nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) were 1.36％(27/1 986),0.65％ (13/1 986) and 1.61％ (32/1 986),respectively.Subtype B had higher resistance to PIs,NRTIs and NNRTIs and subtype CRF55_01B had highest resistance to NNRTIs compared with other subtypes.In subtype B,the resistant rates to D4T,EFV and NVP were highest (all 4.17％,5/120),followed by those to NFV,AZT and RPV (all 3.33％,4/120).In subtype CRF55_01B,the resistant rates to EFV and NVP were highest (all 5.50％,16/291),followed by those to ETR and RPV (all 5.15％,15/291).Conclusions The prevalence of drug resistance in treatment-naive HIV infected MSM in Guangzhou remained at low level and current antiretroviral drugs are generally effective.However,subtype B and CRF55_01B have higher drug resistance.
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Objective To understand the characteristics and dynamic of HIV-1 subtype distribution in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Guangzhou between 2008 and 2015.Methods HIV-1 RNAs were extracted from serum samples of the individuals newly diagnosed with HIV-1 infection among MSM living in Guangzhou between 2008 and 2015.The pol gene segments of HIV-1 genome from these RNA samples were amplified by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) and were sequenced.Subsequently,the phylogenetic tree was reconstructed using pol sequences of samples and references together and the subtype of HIV-1 was determined.The distributions of HIV-1 subtypes detected in MSM with different demographic characteristics in different years were compared.Results A total of 2 210 pol gene segments were successfully obtained from 2 473 serum samples of the MSM.The average age of 2 210 MSM was 30.19 years with standard deviation of 8.22 years,the unmarried MSM and those in Han ethnic group accounted for 73.39％ and 90.81％,respectively.The proportion of subtype CRF07_BC (38.10％) was highest,followed by CRF01_AE (34.84％),CRF55_01B (14.62％),B (6.06％),URFs (3.58％),CRF59_01B (2.17％) and other subtypes (0.63％).The annual proportions of subtype B (P=0.000,99％CI:0.000-0.000),CRF07_BC (x2=14.965,P=0.036),CRF55_01B (x2=18.161,P=0.011) and URFs (P=0.001,99％ CI:0.000-0.001) were significantly different.The proportion of subtype B showed a gradual decrease from 14.08％ to 4.33％ (P=0.000,99％ CI:0.000-0.000),while the proportion of URFs rapidly increased from 0％ to 6.40％ (P=0.000,99％CI:0.000-0.000).The rate of URFs was significantly higher in farmers and migrant workers than in other groups (P=0.017,99％ CI:0.014-0.020) and the rate of URFs was higher in individuals who had multi sexual partners (x2=5.733,P=0.017).Conclusions CRF07_BC and CRF01_AE were the predominant HIV-1 subtypes and multiple subtypes co-circulated among MSM in Guangzhou between 2008 and 2015.The recombinations of HIV-1 continue to occur in MSM.Strengthening behavioral intervention for farmers,migrant workers and individuals who have multi sexual partners has the important epidemiological significance against the emerging and circulating of the novel recombinant virus among MSM in Guangzhou.
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Objective To assess the application of MRI in diagnosis of oblique vaginal septum syndrome (OVSS).Methods Clinical and imaging data of 41 patients with OVSS confirmed by surgery from March 2011 to November 2016 were retrospectively analyzed.Results The average age of patients was 20.5 year (10-46 years).The primary clinical symptoms were menorrhalgia (16 cases) and menorrhagia (13 cases).There were 12 cases of type Ⅰ,23 cases of type Ⅱ,5 cases of type Ⅲ and 1 case of type Ⅳamong 41 cases of OVSS.The resections for OVSS were performed in 35 cases.Forty two cases were diagnosed as OVSS by MRI scan,and 41 were confirmed by surgery,the accuracy of MRI diagnosis was 97.6％ (41/42).MRI showed uterus didelphys,hydrocolpos or hematocolpos with varying degrees,and revealed ipsilateral renal agenesis in all 41 cases.Conclusion MRI scan can accurately diagnose oblique vaginal septum syndrome and provide comprehensive information for clinical treatment.
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Objective To understand the characteristic of subtype distribution among foreigners who were living with HIV-1,in Guangzhou.Methods HIV-1 RNAs were extracted from 114 serum specimens in foreigners diagnosed with HIV-1 infections between 2008 and 2010,and in 2015.Partial pol gene of HIV-1 genome from these RNA samples were amplified by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) with nucleotide sequenced.Subsequently,phylogenetic tree was reconstructed using the pol sequences of samples and references.Results Among all the 114 samples,57.9％ were from males and 42.1％ from females,with an average age as 35.21 years old and the standard deviation as 9.63 years.A total of 6.8％ of the samples were from Africans.The top three subtypes were identified as CRF02_AG,subtype G and subtype C,accounted for 30.7％,14.9％ and 12.3％ respectively.Compared with samples gathered from 2008 to 2010,the proportions of subtype A1 and CRF01_AE significantly increased,while the other subtypes significantly decreased in 2015 (x 2=37.570;P=0.013,99％ CI:0.010-0.016).Proportions of CRF01_AE and subtype G among males outnumbered the females but the proportions of subtype A1,CRF02_AG and URF among females appeared the other way round (x2=15.528;P=0.029,99％CI:0.024-0.033).Proportions of CRF02_AG and subtype G among HIV-1 positive Africans were larger than those from other Southeast Asian countries or areas,However,the proportion of CRF01_AE among HIV-1 positive patients from Southeast Asian countries was higher than those patients from other areas (x2=39.399;P=0.009,99％ CI:0.006-0.011).The rates of resistance to any drug of protease inhibitors (PIs),reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs),as well as to PIs,NRTIs,and NNRTIs alone,were 21.9％,12.3％,6.1％ and 7.0％,respectively.One of nine CRF01_AEs from the HIV-1 positive patients were found closely clustered in those phylogenetic tree (bootstrap=0.855) samples,collected from local patients in Guangzhou.Conclusions Our findings showed that these foreign subtypes had been spread to the natives,more from the Africans than from the other areas,in Guangzhou.These types of viruses were different from the strains identified locally,suggesting that they might have been brought in by foreigners living with HIV-1,in Guangzhou.Programs related to care,support and behavioral intervention for HIV positive foreigners living in Guangzhou,should be strengthened.
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Objective To understand the characteristic of subtype distribution among foreigners who were living with HIV-1,in Guangzhou.Methods HIV-1 RNAs were extracted from 114 serum specimens in foreigners diagnosed with HIV-1 infections between 2008 and 2010,and in 2015.Partial pol gene of HIV-1 genome from these RNA samples were amplified by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) with nucleotide sequenced.Subsequently,phylogenetic tree was reconstructed using the pol sequences of samples and references.Results Among all the 114 samples,57.9％ were from males and 42.1％ from females,with an average age as 35.21 years old and the standard deviation as 9.63 years.A total of 6.8％ of the samples were from Africans.The top three subtypes were identified as CRF02_AG,subtype G and subtype C,accounted for 30.7％,14.9％ and 12.3％ respectively.Compared with samples gathered from 2008 to 2010,the proportions of subtype A1 and CRF01_AE significantly increased,while the other subtypes significantly decreased in 2015 (x 2=37.570;P=0.013,99％ CI:0.010-0.016).Proportions of CRF01_AE and subtype G among males outnumbered the females but the proportions of subtype A1,CRF02_AG and URF among females appeared the other way round (x2=15.528;P=0.029,99％CI:0.024-0.033).Proportions of CRF02_AG and subtype G among HIV-1 positive Africans were larger than those from other Southeast Asian countries or areas,However,the proportion of CRF01_AE among HIV-1 positive patients from Southeast Asian countries was higher than those patients from other areas (x2=39.399;P=0.009,99％ CI:0.006-0.011).The rates of resistance to any drug of protease inhibitors (PIs),reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs),as well as to PIs,NRTIs,and NNRTIs alone,were 21.9％,12.3％,6.1％ and 7.0％,respectively.One of nine CRF01_AEs from the HIV-1 positive patients were found closely clustered in those phylogenetic tree (bootstrap=0.855) samples,collected from local patients in Guangzhou.Conclusions Our findings showed that these foreign subtypes had been spread to the natives,more from the Africans than from the other areas,in Guangzhou.These types of viruses were different from the strains identified locally,suggesting that they might have been brought in by foreigners living with HIV-1,in Guangzhou.Programs related to care,support and behavioral intervention for HIV positive foreigners living in Guangzhou,should be strengthened.
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Objective To explore the status of seroepidemiology on hepatitis A,B and C in primary and middle school students in Shufu county,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China (Xinjiang) and to evaluate the effect of related immunization.Methods Students in four towns and villages were selected by cluster random sampling method.HAV-IgG,HBsAg,HBsAb and HCV-IgG were detected in Feb to May,2015.Results The overall HAV-IgG positive rate was 99.75％,among 4 830 primary and middle school students.The positive rates were seen 99.92％ in boys and 99.57％ in girls,with difference statistically significant (x2=5.798,P=0.016).The overall HBsAg positive rate appeared as 3.02％,with 3.55％ for boys and 2.47％ for girls,with difference statistically significant (x 2=4.782,P=0.029).The difference between age specific HBsAg positive rates also showed statistically significant (x2=71.990,P=0.000).HBsAg positive rate in the students in rural area (3.28％) was higher than that in the students in urban area (1.61％,x2=6.019,P=0.014).HBsAb positive rate was 38.84％,and the differences between the age specific HBsAb positive rates appeared statistically significant (x2=837.699,P=0.000).HBsAg positive rate in students from the urban area (42.36％) was higher than those from the rural area (38.20％,x2=4.598,P=0.032).2 815 students,accounting for 58.28％ of the total students,showed negative on both HBsAg and HBsAb.The overall HCV-IgG positive rate was 0.19％,and all appeared in students fiom the rural areas,with ethnicity solely as Uygur.Conclusions The effect of hepatitis A vaccine was satisfactory in primary and middle school students in Shufu county but quiet a number of the students missed the vaccination.The infection rate of hepatitis C was low.Publicity and health education on hepatitis immunization and control should be revved up.Programs regarding primary and supplementary immunization on hepatitis,should be carried out timely for children of school age.
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Objective To explore the status of seroepidemiology on hepatitis A,B and C in primary and middle school students in Shufu county,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China (Xinjiang) and to evaluate the effect of related immunization.Methods Students in four towns and villages were selected by cluster random sampling method.HAV-IgG,HBsAg,HBsAb and HCV-IgG were detected in Feb to May,2015.Results The overall HAV-IgG positive rate was 99.75％,among 4 830 primary and middle school students.The positive rates were seen 99.92％ in boys and 99.57％ in girls,with difference statistically significant (x2=5.798,P=0.016).The overall HBsAg positive rate appeared as 3.02％,with 3.55％ for boys and 2.47％ for girls,with difference statistically significant (x 2=4.782,P=0.029).The difference between age specific HBsAg positive rates also showed statistically significant (x2=71.990,P=0.000).HBsAg positive rate in the students in rural area (3.28％) was higher than that in the students in urban area (1.61％,x2=6.019,P=0.014).HBsAb positive rate was 38.84％,and the differences between the age specific HBsAb positive rates appeared statistically significant (x2=837.699,P=0.000).HBsAg positive rate in students from the urban area (42.36％) was higher than those from the rural area (38.20％,x2=4.598,P=0.032).2 815 students,accounting for 58.28％ of the total students,showed negative on both HBsAg and HBsAb.The overall HCV-IgG positive rate was 0.19％,and all appeared in students fiom the rural areas,with ethnicity solely as Uygur.Conclusions The effect of hepatitis A vaccine was satisfactory in primary and middle school students in Shufu county but quiet a number of the students missed the vaccination.The infection rate of hepatitis C was low.Publicity and health education on hepatitis immunization and control should be revved up.Programs regarding primary and supplementary immunization on hepatitis,should be carried out timely for children of school age.
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Laboratory animal welfare is an important guarantee for the accuracy and reliability of experimental results, so it has been paid attention in scientific research .But the situation is not optimistic in the teaching practice .This paper has specially analyzed laboratory animal welfare and ethics in experiment teaching and provided specific measures involved in legislation , spread of animal welfare and implementation of 3R principle to ensure animal welfare .
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Objective To analyze the influencing factors on AIDS-related deaths among HIV/AIDS patients in Guangzhou,Guangdong province.Methods A retrospective cohort was formed,based on available data of HIV/AIDS patients between 1991 and 2013 in Guangzhou,that were gathered from the Chinese AIDS Prevention and Control Information System.Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify the influencing factors for AIDS-related deaths.Results Data showed that factors as:existence of full-bloom AIDS when HIV infection was diagnosed (HR =2.717,95％ CI:2.039-3.621),diagnose of AIDS was made in the hospitals (HR=1.516,95％ CI:1.159-1.981),never received no CD4 count testing (HR=4.866,95％CI:3.674-6.444),no drugs were provided to those who met the criteria for treatment (HR=12.213,95％CI:8.467-17.616),and patients at aged ≥40 years when HIV infection was diagnosed etc.,were related to the risk for AIDS deaths.The risk of AIDS-related death was also high in those who did not meet the treatment criteria or receiving no treatment,when compared to those who had received the antiviral treatment (HR=1.936,95％ CI:1.145-3.272).Conclusion Factors as:earlier diagnosis of HIV/AIDS cases,provision of CD4 count testing and antiviral treatment to more cases etc,could decrease the risk for AIDS-related deaths and improve the survival rate on HIV/AIDS cases.
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Optical coherence tomography (OCT)is thought to be the most effective tool for recognizing form of vul-nerable plaques and evaluating endothelium coverage after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)so far.OCT can be used to guide stent implantation,evaluate endothelium proliferation status in stent,explore causes for in-stent restenosis and detect stent late malapposition and in-stent thrombosis etc.
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of 52 patients with septate uterus were retrospectively analyzed.There were 19 cases of complete septate uterus and 32 cases of partial septate uterus confirmed by hysteroscopy or hysteroscopy combined with laparoscopy,and 1 case without surgery.According to MRI findings,19 cases were diagnosed as complete septate uterus,32 cases as partial septate uterus and 1 case as intrauterine adhesion.The results indicated that MRIcan be used in diagnosis of septate uterus.
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10 mm)were showed by DSA.On nonenhanced CT,there were 3-4 low density nodules and 4 isodensity nodules.Thirty-two nodules was high density and 8 nodules was low density in arterial phase,33 and 7 nodules were low density and isodensity respectively in portal venous phase,39 and 1 nodule were low density and isodensity respectively in delayed phase.Conclusion The MSCT is excelled DSA in detection satellite nodule of HCC,especially smaller than 10 mm nodule.
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Objective To investigate the effects of Liuwei Hezhong Powder on gastrointestinal motility and hormones,and to explore its possible mechanism.Methods The small intestinal propulsion ratio,endogastric residual rate and total gastrointestinal propulsion time in mice were observed after intragastric administration of Liuwei Hezhong Powder .Radioimmunoassay was applied to detect the changes of gastrin,motilin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in spleen asthenia rats.Results Compared with the blank control group,Liuwei Hezhong Powder can significantly improve the small intestinal propulsion,reduce endogastric residue and shorten total gastrointestinal propulsion time(P 0.05),but the high dosage group of Liuwei Hezhong Powder were especially remarkable(P